BIBLIOGRAPHY

All essays, even those which explore only the primary text under discussion, are required to have a bibliography.  The bibliography should include all the works which have contributed ideas or information to your essay.  The list should be in alphabetical order of authors' surnames.  Each entry normally consists of three main parts: author, title, and details of publication. Each part is followed by a full stop.  Additional information, such as the names of editors, translators, or compilers, the edition used, the number of volumes, or the name of the series, should follow the title of the book and precede the place of publication, name of publisher and date of publication. The second line of each entry should be indented. Do not number your bibliography or present it in point form.

Examples:

·         A novel:

Coetzee, J.M. Disgrace. London: Secker and Warburg,1999.

For a republished novel, the original publication date, followed by a full-stop, is given before the publication information for the book you are quoting from:

Atwood, Margaret. Surfacing. 1972. New York: Doubleday, 1998.

·         A book of criticism:

Bateson, F.W. English Poetry: A Critical Introduction. 2^nd ed. London: Longmans, 1966.

·         A short story in an anthology:

Vladislavic, Ivan. “The Whites Only Bench.” Short Story Collection. Ed. Rob Gaylard. Stellenbosch: Van

            Schaik Content Solutions, 2003.

·         An essay in a collection:

Gordimer, Nadine. "English-Language Literature and Politics in South Africa." Aspects of South African

            Literature. Ed. Christopher Heywood. London: Heinemann, 1976. 99-120.

Note: The essay by Nadine Gordimer appeared in a collection edited by Christopher Heywood. Here the title of the published collection is in italics. 

·         An article in a periodical:

Hope, Christopher. "The Political Novelist in South Africa." English in Africa 12.1 (1985): 41-46.

Note: the article by Christopher Hope appeared in a journal entitled English in Africa, and the figures 12.1 refer to volume 12, number 1 of the journal, published in 1985. The title of the journal is in italics, not the title of the article. The page numbers at the end of these references refer to the pages in the book or periodical taken up by the essay or article in question.

·         An edition of a Shakespeare play:

Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Norman Sanders. New Penguin Shakespeare. Harmondsworth:

            Penguin, 1967.

As a general rule, remember that the titles of journals, books, periodicals and magazines should be italicised, while components of texts such as titles of individual essays, articles, interviews and chapters within these works are placed in inverted commas.

·         A film:

A citation for a film usually includes the title (in italics), the director, distributor and the year of release. Other relevant information, such as the names of the writer, performers and producer, may be included between the title and the distributor.

Example:

Fight Club. Dir David Fincher. Screenplay Jim Uhls, based on the novel by Chuck Palahniuk. Perf. Brad Pitt,

            Edward Norton, Helena Bonham Carter. Twentieth Century Fox, 1999.

·         Internet Sources

It is essential to acknowledge in full all material or insights taken from the Internet. The aim of this, as for the citation of printed sources, is to enable your reader to locate your source, and the information you give should make this possible.

As a general rule, a bibliographic entry for this type of research material should contain at least the following information:

¨      the name of the author, editor or compiler of the source being referred to,

¨      the title of what is being referred to (in inverted commas),

¨      publication information for any print version of the source,

¨      the title (in italics) of the site at which the information or article appeared (or for a site with no title, a description such as “Home page”),

¨      the date of electronic publication, of the latest update, or of posting,

¨      date when the researcher accessed the source, and

¨     the electronic address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of the source, in angle brackets (see example below).

i.e.:

Author(s). Name of Page. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site. Date of Access <electronic address>.

Here is one possible example of what a bibliography entry like this should look like.  This is a reference to a review article which deals with the film I Shot Andy Warhol and its director, Mary Harron.  It was written by Gary Susman, and appeared on the Rough Cut website, where the article’s last update was on 7 December 1997.  The researcher who accessed the source did so on 6 June 1998.  Note the correct format (in angle brackets, beginning with “http://”) of the electronic address or URL.

Susman, Gary. “Mary Harron: I Shot Andy Warhol.” Rough Cut: Your Own Private Hollywood. 7 December 1997. 6 June 1998. http://www.roughcut.com/reviews/movies/vault/ishotandy.html